سال انتشار: 2022

رشته: روانشناسی، پزشکی

گرایش: روانشناسی بالینی، روانشناسی بالینی کودکان و نوجوانان، روانپزشکی

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Discussion

As previously illustrated, ADHD patients usually showed the task deficits in varied substage information processing, such as information integration and neuronal response stages, rather than the whole task period . However, task behaviors usually measured the overall performance but not substage information processing [40], as behaviors were insensitive to detect the substage performance; by contrast, related ERP analysis might be helpful. Given the insignificant difference in behavior between the HCs and ADHD children, in this study, we further explored any potential difference in electrophysiological ERP and functional network to clarify underlying cognitive deficits in ADHD children. Being exposed to external stimuli, to achieve satisfying task performance, the brain has to receive, integrate, process, and respond to their perceived target stimuli. P3 is the neuronal response to target stimuli after the decision process. Li et al. found that the central area served as the focal source to regulate whole-brain activities by sending out commands during the decision process, which ended when the P3 peak occurred. When investigating the underlying basis by the ERP, first at the response stage, our current study did not find a significant difference in P3 between the HCs and ADHD children, and this might indicate that the cognitive deficits between the two groups might not occur in the response stage but other ones, such as the information integration stage, which could be identified by the other components, like P2 and N2. In fact, in our present study, the corresponding electrophysiological differences in both P2 and N2 did exist between the two groups. P2 is regarded as the exogenous response, as it is automatically produced regardless of the task or attention variables but is amenable to attentive manipulations, and its latency and amplitude may covary with aspects of selective attention or stimulus encoding processes . Therefore, P2 involves in the early sensory stages of target detection, encoding, and classification; a smaller P2 suggests an underactivation of the early orienting process and a poor allocation of the attentional resources in ADHD [46]. In this study, consistent with the previous study , ADHD children were found to have reduced P2 amplitude, which may be due to the lack of early attention to the stimuli. Moreover, N2 has been demonstrated to relate to the initial stimulus categorization in the selective attention stream [48] and was specific to the visual modality, which might reflect the degree of attention required for processing stimuli in the visual cortex. Perhaps due to the lack of reasonable allocation of visual resources, attenuated N2 in ADHD children was found in this study. Altogether, these findings indicated that the differences in the cognitive process between the HCs and ADHD children may indeed lie in the early stage (i.e., information integration), rather than the later one (i.e., neuronal response). Therefore, ADHD children showed deficiency in automatization of the initial stimulus categorization for which they compensated by later controlled attention processes and information processing, which was earlier proposed by Karayanidis et al.